By Swagata Yadavar
If a girl in India studies for 12 years or more -- till the age of 18 -- she is less likely to have teenage pregnancy, less likely to have shorter interval between children and less likely to have more than two children during her lifetime, according to the latest national health data.
A woman with 12 years or more of education has her first child at the median age of 24.7, which is 3.7 years more than the median age of first pregnancy (21) for women between 25-49 years, according to the National Family Health Survey, 2015-16 (NFHS-4) report.
Almost one-third or 33.6% of India's population is born of adolescent pregnancies; delaying the onset of child bearing could reduce India's projected 2050 population of 1.7 billion by more than a quarter.
If a woman studies for 12 years or more, she has an average of 2.01 children, compared to 2.2 for all women and 3.82 for women with no education, based on the mean number of children born to women aged 45-49 -- a period that marks the end of a woman's fertility.
"Postponing first births and extending the interval between births have played a role in reducing fertility in many countries," said the NFHS-4 report.
The total fertility rate for women -- the number of children she will have in a lifetime -- between 15-49 years is even lower at 1.71 for women with more than 12 years of education compared with 3.06 to women with no education and 2.2 for all women. (Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is the mean number of living children conceived by a woman in her lifetime if she gives birth during her childbearing years as per the current schedule of age-specific fertility rates.)
"Education is the best contraceptive pill," said Poonam Muttreja, executive director, Population Foundation of India, an advocacy working on family planning.
There is enough global evidence showing that educating women can reduce the total fertility rate of countries, Muttreja said. "Now, national evidence also points that educating women can be a good population control strategy."
Only 4% of women with 12 years or more of education have teenage pregnancies compared with eight per cent for all women and 20% for women with no schooling.
Child bearing at a very young age is associated with increased risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth and higher rates of neonatal mortality.
Children born to educated mothers have higher chances of survival; under five mortality -- deaths per 1,000 live births of children under five -- of children whose mothers had no schooling was 67.5 while it was less than half (26.5) for children of mothers who had more than 12 years of schooling.
A woman with more than 12 years of education waits three years (35.7 months) to have another child, compared to 31.3 months for women with no schooling.
Birth intervals of less than 24 months can harm newborns and their mothers, causing preterm births, low birth weight and death.
Only 21.5 per cent women aged 15-49 had studied for more than 12 years, compared to 29.6 per cent of men.
In 2017, only one in five adolescents -- 14 to 18 years -- had completed eight years of schooling and by 18, some 32 per cent females are not enrolled in schools against 28 per cent males, according to the latest Annual Survey of Education Report.
(In arrangement with IndiaSpend.org, a data-driven, non-profit, public interest journalism platform, with whom Swagata Yadavar is principal correspondent. The views expressed are those of IndiaSpend. Feedback at respond@indiaspend.org)